ABSTRACT
El estudio de la base genética de los trastornos neuropsiquiátricos se inició en Costa Rica hace más de 25 años. En este tiempo se han realizado investigaciones enfocadas en diferentes trastornos: esquizofrenia, trastorno bipolar, demencia de Alzheimer, trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, trastorno por déficit de atención y síndrome de Tourette. Los estudios realizados han tenido una amplia variación en lo que se refiere a diseño (ligamiento/asociación), muestra utilizada (familias/parejas de hermanos afectados/tríos), cobertura genómica (estudios con genes candidatos/tamizajes de todo el genoma) y definición del fenotipo (categoría diagnóstica/clasificación sindrómica/endofenotipo). Presentamos un resumen de los principales hallazgos genómicos obtenidos en estos estudios multidisciplinarios y discutimos la importancia, lecciones y retos de la investigación genética en trastornos psiquiátricos complejos.
In Costa Rica, the study of the genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders started more than 25 years ago. During this time, different research efforts have focused on several disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and Tourette syndrome. The studies have had a wide scope regarding design (linkage/association), sample used (families/sib pairs/trios), genome coverage (candidate gene studies/genome-wide scans), and phenotype definition (diagnostic category/syndromic classification/endophenotype). Here we present a summary of the main genomic findings of these multidisciplinary studies, and discuss the importance, lessons, and challenges of genetic research of complex psychiatric disorders.
ABSTRACT
Glaucoma is the second most frequent cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Genetic factors have been implicated in the development of the disease. So far six loci (GLC1A-GLC1F) and two genes (TIGR/MYOC and OPTN) are involved in the development of juvenile (JOAG) and adult onset or chronic primary open angle glaucoma (COAG), while two loci (GLC3A,GLC3B) and one gene (CYP1B1) are known for primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Here we summarize the results of the first genetic studies of glaucoma in Costa Rica. Nine families: 1 with JOAG, 1 with PCG and 7 with COAG were screened for mutations at the known genes. A 10 bp duplication, 1546-1555dupTCATGCCACC, at the CYP1B1 gene, causes, in homozygous state, glaucoma in the consanguineous PCG family. This mutation has been found in different countries and generates an early stop codon that termitates protein synthesis 140 amino acids earlier than the normal allele. In exon 1 of the T1GR/MYOC the innocuous Arg76Lys variant was found in two of the COAG families. In the OPTN gene two variants in the coding region (Thr34Thr, Met 98Lys) and 7 intronic changes were found in other Costa Rican glaucoma patients. One of the COAG families was chosen for a genome scan with 379 microsatellite markers and linkage analysis. LOD scores [quot ]suggestive[quot ] of linkage were obtained for several chromosomal regions. Evidence indicates that hereditary glaucoma in Costa Rica is highly heterogeneous and that further studies in the country will probably disclose some up to now unknown genes responsible for the disease.